激光清洗的本名 Laser ablation 激光烧蚀
Laser ablation or photoablation is the process of removingmaterial from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with alaser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energyand evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typicallyconverted to a plasma. Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material witha pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wavelaser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. Excimer lasers of deepultra-violet light are mAInly used in photoablation; the wavelength of laserused in photoablation is approximately 200 nm.
激光烧蚀或光烧蚀是通过用激光束照射从固体（或有时为液体）表面去除材料的过程。在低激光通量下，材料被吸收的激光能量加热并蒸发或升华。在高激光通量下，材料通常会转换为等离子体。通常，激光烧蚀是指用脉冲激光去除材料，但是如果激光强度足够高，则可以用连续波激光束烧蚀材料。深紫外光的准分子激光器主要用于光烧蚀。用于光烧蚀的激光波长约为200 nm。
简单地说就是把你不想要得，用激光烧掉。是不是，很酷。
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Fundamentals 基本原理 （这段学术内容比较拗口，我尽量写得通俗点）
The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thusthe amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on thematerial's optical properties and the laser wavelength and pulse length. Thetotal mass ablated from the target per laser pulse is usually referred to asablation rate. Such features of laser radiation as laser beam scanning velocityand the covering of scanning lines can significantly influence the ablationprocess. [1]
吸收激光能量的深度以及单个激光脉冲去除的材料量取决于材料的光学特性以及激光波长和脉冲长度。每个激光脉冲从靶标烧蚀的总质量通常称为烧蚀率。激光束扫描速度和扫描线覆盖率等激光辐射特征会显着影响烧蚀过程。[1]
Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range of duration(milliseconds to femtoseconds) and fluxes, and can be precisely controlled.This makes laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrialapplications.
激光脉冲可以在很长的持续时间（毫秒到飞秒）和通量范围内变化，并且可以精确控制。这使得激光烧蚀对于研究和工业应用都非常有价值。
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Applications 应用领域
The simplest application of laser ablation is to removematerial from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining andparticularly laser drilling are examples; pulsed lasers can drill extremelysmall, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses removematerial so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, solaser drilling can be done on delicate or heat-sensitive materials, includingtooth enamel (laser dentistry). Several workers have employed laser ablationand gas condensation to produce nano particles of metal, metal oxides and metalcarbides.
激光烧蚀的最简单应用是以受控方式从固体表面去除材料。激光加工，特别是激光钻孔就是例子。脉冲激光可以在非常硬的材料上钻出很小的深孔。极短的激光脉冲会很快去除材料，以至周围的材料吸收的热量很少，因此可以在易碎或对热敏感的材料（包括牙釉质（激光牙科））上进行激光钻孔。几名工人已经采用激光烧蚀和气体冷凝来生产金属，金属氧化物和金属碳化物的纳米颗粒。
Also, laser energy can be selectively absorbed by coatings,particularly on metal, so CO2 or Nd:YAG pulsed lasers can be used to cleansurfaces, remove paint or coating, or prepare surfaces for painting withoutdamaging the underlying surface. High power lasers clean a large spot with asingle pulse. Lower power lasers use many small pulses which may be scannedacross an area. In industrial application, laser ablation is known as lasercleaning.
而且，激光能量可以被涂层（尤其是金属）选择性吸收，因此，可以使用CO2或Nd：YAG脉冲激光清洁表面，去除油漆或涂层。准备要喷涂的表面和下表面不会损坏。 大功率激光清洁大面积斑点可以通过用单个脉冲。较低功率的激光器使用许多小的脉冲形成区域扫描。在工业应用中，激光烧蚀被称为激光清洁。
Industrial 200W laser cleaning equipment.
工业用200W激光清洗设备
One of the advantages is that no solvents are used,therefore it is environmentally friendly and operators are not exposed tochemicals (assuming nothing harmful is vaporized). It is relatively easy toautomate. The running costs are lower than dry media or dry-ice blasting,although the capital investment costs are much higher. The process is gentlerthan abrasive techniques, e.g. carbon fibres within a composite material are notdamaged. Heating of the target is minimal.
优点之一是不使用任何溶剂，因此对环境无害，在没有其他有害物质的前提下，操作员不会暴露于化学物质。自动化相对容易。尽管资本投资成本高得多，但运行成本低于干介质或干冰喷射。该方法比研磨技术温和，例如 复合材料中的碳纤维不会受损。标的的热升温极小。
Another class of applications uses laser ablation to processthe material removed into new forms either not possible or difficult to produceby other means. A recent example is the production of carbon nanotubes.
另一类应用使用激光烧蚀将去除的材料处理成其他形式不可能或难以生产的新形式。最近的例子是碳纳米管的生产。
Laser cleaning is also used for efficient rust removal fromiron objects; oil or grease removal from various surfaces; restoration ofpaintings, sculptures, frescoes. Laser ablation is one of preferred techniquesfor rubber mold cleaning due to minimal surface damage to the mold.
激光清洁还可用于有效清除铁物体上的锈；从各个表面去除油或油脂；恢复绘画，雕塑，壁画。由于对模具的表面损伤最小，所以激光烧蚀是用于橡胶模具清洁的优选技术之一。目前时颖激光就已经和享誉海内外的朝阳轮胎，达成合作关系。
In March 1995 Guo et al. [2] were the first to report the use of a laser toablate a block of pure graphite, and later graphite mixed with catalytic metal.[3] The catalytic metal can consist of elementssuch as cobalt, niobium, platinum, nickel, copper, or a binary combinationthereof. The composite block is formed by making a paste of graphite powder,carbon cement, and the metal. The paste is next placed in a cylindrical moldand baked for several hours. After solidification, the graphite block is placedinside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and argon gas is pumped along thedirection of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 °C. Asthe laser ablates the target, carbon nanotubes form and are carried by the gasflow onto a cool copper collector. Like carbon nanotubes formed using theelectric-arc discharge technique, carbon nanotube fibers are deposited in ahaphazard and tangled fashion. Single-walled nanotubes are formed from theblock of graphite and metal catalyst particles, whereas multi-walled nanotubesform from the pure graphite starting material.
以下，讲述了一台激光烧蚀来源的一台实验。1995年3月，Guo等人[2]率先报道使用激光烧蚀一块纯石墨，然后将石墨与催化金属混合的方法。[3]催化金属可以由诸如钴，铌，铂，镍，铜或其二元组合的元素组成。复合块是通过将石墨粉，碳水泥和金属制成的糊料制成的。接下来将糊状物置于圆柱形模具中并烘烤数小时。固化后，将石墨块放置在烤箱中，并在其上对准激光，然后沿激光点的方向泵入氩气。烤箱温度约为1200°C。随着激光烧蚀靶材，碳纳米管形成并被气流携带到冷铜收集器上。像使用电弧放电技术形成的碳纳米管一样，碳纳米管纤维也以随意缠结的方式沉积。单壁纳米管由石墨和金属催化剂颗粒的嵌段形成，而多壁纳米管由纯石墨原料形成。
A variation of this type of application is to use laserablation to create coatings by ablating the coating material from a source andletting it deposit on the surface to be coated; this is a special type ofphysical vapor deposition called pulsed laser deposition (PLD), [4] and can create coatings from materialsthat cannot readily be evaporated any other way. This process is used tomanufacture some types of high temperature superconductor and laser crystals. [5]
这种应用的一种变化是通过从源上烧蚀涂层材料并使其沉积在待涂表面上，使用激光烧蚀来形成涂层。这是一种称为脉冲激光沉积（PLD）的特殊类型的物理气相沉积，[4]可以用不易以其他任何方式蒸发的材料制成涂层。该工艺用于制造某些类型的高温超导体和激光晶体。[5]
Remote laser spectroscopy uses laser ablation to create aplasma from the surface material; the composition of the surface can bedetermined by analyzing the wavelengths of light emitted by the plasma.
远程激光光谱学技术结合激光烧蚀从表面材料产生等离子体。表面的组成可以通过分析等离子体发射的光的波长来确定。
Laser ablation is also used to create pattern, removingselectively coating from dichroic filter. This products are used in stagelighting for high dimensional projections, or for calibration of machinevision's instruments.
激光烧蚀还用于创建图案，从二向色滤镜上选择性去除涂层。该产品用于舞台照明，以进行大尺寸家用投影，或用于校准机器视觉的仪器。
Propulsion 推进力
Finally, laser ablation can be used to transfer momentum toa surface, since the ablated material applies a pulse of high pressure to thesurface underneath it as it expands. The effect is similar to hitting thesurface with a hammer. This process is used in industry to work-harden metalsurfaces, and is one damage mechanism for a laser weapon. It is also the basisof pulsed laser propulsion for spacecraft.
最后，激光烧蚀可用于将动量传递到表面，因为烧蚀的材料在其膨胀时会向其下表面施加高压脉冲。效果类似于用锤子击打表面。此过程在工业上用于对金属表面进行硬化处理，并且能作为武器使用激光武器。影片里常出现的激光枪。它也是航天器脉冲激光推进的基础。
Manufacturing 制造业
The laser ablation of skin utilizes laser energy so CO2 orNd:YAG pulsed lasers can be used to clean surfaces, remove pigmentation orimprove but not cure the appearance of scar tissue, and resurface outer layersof skin without damaging the underlying surface.
激光烧蚀在人体皮肤上的应用，也是使用CO2或Nd：YAG脉冲激光清洁表面，去除色素沉着，改善疤痕组织的外观（不能治愈），并重整皮肤的外层而不会损坏外层下表。
Processes are currently being developed to use laserablation in the removal of thermal barrier coating on high-pressure gas turbinecomponents. Due to the low heat input, TBC removal can be completed withminimal damage to the underlying metallic coatings and parent material.
当前正在开发使用激光烧蚀去除高压燃气轮机部件上的热障涂层的方法。由于热量输入少，因此可以在对底层金属涂层和母体材料造成最小损害的情况下，完成TBC的去除。
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Chemical analysis 化学分析
Laser ablation is used as a sampling method for elementaland isotopic analysis, and replaces traditional laborious procedures generallyrequired for digesting solid samples in acid solutions. Laser ablation samplingis detected by monitoring the photons emitted at the sample surface - atechnology referred to as LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) and LAMIS(Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry), or by transporting theablated mass particles to a secondary excitation source, like the inductivelycoupled plasma. Both mass spectroscopy (MS) and optical emission spectroscopy(OES) can be coupled with the ICP. The benefits of laser ablation sampling forchemical analysis include no sample preparation, no waste, minimal samplerequirements, no vacuum requirements, rapid sample-analysis turn-around time, spatial(depth and lateral) resolution, and chemical mapping. Laser ablation chemicalanalysis is viable for practically all industries, such as mining,geochemistry, energy, environmental, industrial processing, food safety,forensic [6] andbiological. [7][8] Commercialinstruments are available for all markets to measure every element and isotopewithin a sample. Some instruments combine both optical and mass detection toextend the analysis coverage, and dynamic range in sensitivity.
激光烧蚀被用作元素和同位素分析的采样方法，并取代了在酸性溶液中消化固体样品通常所需的传统费力步骤。激光烧蚀采样是通过监视在样品表面发射的光子（一种称为LIBS（激光诱导击穿光谱）和LAMIS（激光烧蚀分子同位素光谱法）的技术），或通过将烧蚀的质量粒子传输到第二激发源来检测的，就像感应耦合等离子体质谱（MS）和光发射光谱（OES）均可与ICP耦合。激光烧蚀采样用于化学分析的好处包括无需准备样品，没有浪费，需要最少的样品，不需要真空，可以快速进行样品分析周转时间，空间（深度和横向）分辨率以及化学绘图。激光烧蚀化学分析几乎适用于所有行业，例如采矿，地球化学，能源，环境，工业加工，食品安全，法医[6]和生物学。[7][8]商业仪器可用于所有市场，以测量样品中的每种元素和同位素。一些仪器将光学和质量检测结合起来以扩展分析范围和灵敏度的动态范围。
Biology 生物
Laser ablation is used in science to destroy nerves andother tissues to study their function. For example, a species of pond snail,Helisoma trivolvis, can have their sensory neurons laser ablated off when thesnail is still an embryo to prevent use of those nerves. [9]
激光消融在科学中用于破坏神经和其他组织以研究其功能。例如，当Helisoma trivolvis，一种田螺仍然是胚胎时，将其感觉神经元激光切除。[9]
Another example is the trochophore larva of Platynereisdumerilii, where the larval eye was ablated and the larvae was not phototactic,anymore. [10] Howeverphototaxis in the nectochaete larva of Platynereis dumerilii is not mediated bythe larval eyes, because the larva is still phototactic, even if the larvaleyes are ablated. But if the adult eyes are ablated, then the nectochaete isnot phototactic anymore and thus phototaxis in the nectochaete larva ismediated by the adult eyes. [11]
另一台例子是激光消融在Platynereis dumerilii虫上的发现。通过激光消融幼虫的眼睛，发现幼虫还有趋光性。但消融了成虫的眼睛后，Platynereis dumerilii就不再有趋光性了。[10][11]
Laser ablation can also be used to destroy individual cellsduring embryogenesis of an organism, like Platynereis dumerilii, to study theeffect of missing cells during development.
Medicine 医药
There are several laser types used in medicine for ablation,including argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), dye, erbium, excimer, Nd:YAG, andothers. Laser ablation is used in a variety of medical specialties includingophthalmology, general surgery, neurosurgery, ENT, dentistry, oral andmaxillofacial surgery, and veterinary.[12] Laser scalpels are used for ablation in bothhard- and soft-tissue surgeries. Some of the most common procedures where laserablation is used include LASIK,[13] skin resurfacing, cavity preparation, biopsies,and tumor and lesion removal.[14] In soft-tissue surgeries, the CO2 laser beamablates and cauterizes simultaneously, making it the most practical and mostcommon soft-tissue laser.[15]
在医学上有几种用于消融的激光类型，包括氩气，二氧化碳（CO2），染料，，准分子，Nd：YAG等。激光消融用于多种医学专业，包括眼科，普通外科，神经外科，耳鼻喉，牙科，口腔颌面外科以及兽医学。[12]激光手术刀用于消融硬组织和软组织。使用激光消融的一些医学上最常见地应用包括LASIK，[13]皮肤换肤，腔准备，活组织检查以及肿瘤和病变清除。[14]在软组织手术中，CO2激光束同时消融和烧灼，使其成为最实用，最常见的软组织激光。[15]
Laser ablation can be used on benign and malignant lesionsin various organs, which is called laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy.The main applications currently involve the reduction of benign thyroid nodules[16] and destruction ofprimary and secondary malignant liver lesions. [17][18]
激光消融可用于各种器官的良性病变和恶性病变，这被称为激光诱导的间质热疗。目前的主要应用包括减少甲状腺良性结节[16] 和破坏原发性和继发性恶性肝病灶。[17][18]
Laser ablation is also used to treat chronic venousinsufficiency. [19]
激光消融还用于治疗慢性静脉功能不全。[19]
引用 References:
[1] Veiko V.P.; Skvortsov A.M.; Huynh Cong Tu; Petrov A.A.(2015). "Laser ablation of monocrystalline silicon under pulsed-frequencyfiber laser". Scientific and Technical Journal of InformationTechnologies, Mechanics and Optics. 15 (3): 426.doi:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-3-426-434.
[2] Guo T, Nikolaev P, Rinzler D, Tomanek DT, Colbert DT,Smalley RE (1995). "Self-Assembly of Tubular Fullerenes". J. Phys.Chem. 99 (27): 10694–7. doi:10.1021/j100027a002.
[3] Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE(1995). "Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laservaporization". Chem. Phys. Lett. 243: 49–54. Bibcode:1995CPL...243...49B.doi:10.1016/0009-2614(95)00825-O.
[4] Robert Eason - Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films:Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials. Wiley-Interscience, 2006, ISBN0471447099
[5] Grant-Jacob, James A.; Beecher, Stephen J.; Parsonage,Tina L.; Hua, Ping; Mackenzie, Jacob I.; Shepherd, David P.; Eason, Robert W.(2016-01-01). "An 11.5 W Yb:YAG planar waveguide laser fabricated viapulsed laser deposition" (PDF). Optical Materials Express. 6 (1): 91.Bibcode:2016OMExp...6...91G. doi:10.1364/ome.6.000091. ISSN 2159-3930.
[6] Orellana, Francisco Alamilla; Gálvez, César González; Orellana,Francisco Alamilla; Gálvez, César González; Roldán, Mercedes Torre;García-Ruiz, Carmen; Roldán, Mercedes Torre; García-Ruiz, Carmen (2013)."Applications of laser-ablation-inductively-coupled plasma-massspectrometry in chemical analysis of forensic evidence". TrAC Trends inAnalytical Chemistry. 42: 1–34. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.015. ISSN 0165-9936.
[7] Urgast, Dagmar S.; Beattie, John H.; Feldmann, Jörg(2014). "Imaging of trace elements in tissues". Current Opinion inClinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 17 (5): 431–439.doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000087. ISSN 1363-1950. PMID 25023186.
[8] Pozebon, Dirce; Scheffler, Guilherme L.; Dressler,Valderi L.; Nunes, Matheus A. G. (2014). "Review of the applications oflaser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to theanalysis of biological samples". J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29 (12):2204–2228. doi:10.1039/C4JA00250D. ISSN 0267-9477.
[9] Kuang S, Doran SA, Wilson RJ, Goss GG, Goldberg JI(2002). "Serotonergic sensory-motor neurons mediate a behavioral responseto hypoxia in pond snail embryos". J. Neurobiol. 52 (1): 73–83.doi:10.1002/neu.10071. PMID 12115895.
[10] Jékely, Gáspár; Colombelli, Julien; Hausen, Harald;Guy, Keren; Stelzer, Ernst; Nédélec, François; Arendt, Detlev (20 November2008). "Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton". Nature. 456(7220): 395–399. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..395J. doi:10.1038/nature07590. PMID 19020621.
[11] Randel, Nadine; Asadulina, Albina; Bezares-Calderón,Luis A; Verasztó, Csaba; Williams, Elizabeth A; Conzelmann, Markus; Shahidi,Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (27 May 2014). "Neuronal connectome of asensory-motor circuit for visual navigation". eLife. 3.doi:10.7554/eLife.02730. PMC 4059887. PMID 24867217.
[12] Berger, Noel A.; Eeg, Peter H. (2008-01-09). VeterinaryLaser Surgery: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470344125. Laser scalpels are usedfor ablation in both hard- and soft-tissue surgeries. Some of the most commonprocedures where laser ablation is used include LASIK, Munnerlyn, C. R.; Koons,S. J.; Marshall, J. (1988-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy: atechnique for laser refractive surgery". Journal of Cataract andRefractive Surgery. 14 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(88)80063-4. ISSN0886-3350. PMID 3339547.
[13] Munnerlyn, C. R.; Koons, S. J.; Marshall, J.(1988-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy: a technique for laserrefractive surgery". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 14 (1):46–52. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(88)80063-4. ISSN 0886-3350. PMID 3339547.
[14] "Laser Use in Dentistry". WebMD. Retrieved2017-02-17.
[15] Vogel, Alfred; Venugopalan, Vasan (2003-02-01)."Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues" (PDF).Chemical Reviews. 103 (2): 577–644. doi:10.1021/cr010379n. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID12580643.
[16] Valcavi, Roberto; Riganti, Fabrizio; Bertani, Angelo;Formisano, Debora; Pacella, Claudio M. (2010). "Percutaneous LaserAblation of Cold Benign Thyroid Nodules: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in 122Patients". Thyroid. 20 (11): 1253–1261. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0189. ISSN1050-7256. PMID 20929405.
[17] Pacella, Claudio Maurizio; Francica, Giampiero; DiLascio, Francesca Marta Lilja; et al. (2009). "Long-Term Outcome ofCirrhotic Patients With Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated WithUltrasound-Guided Percutaneous Laser Ablation: A Retrospective Analysis".Journal of Clinical Oncology. 27 (16): 2615–2621. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.0082.ISSN 0732-183X. PMID 19332729.
[18] Pompili M; Pacella CM; Francica G; Angelico M; TisoneG; Craboledda P; Nicolardi E; Rapaccini GL; Gasbarrini G . (June 2010)."Percutaneous laser ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients withliver cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation". European Journal ofRadiology. 74 (3): e6–e11. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.012. PMID 19345541.
[19] "Venous Disease Endovenous Thermal Ablation".Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
本文源于：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation#:~:text=Laser%20ablation%20or%20photoablation%20is,typically%20converted%20to%20a%20plasma.
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